Comparison between earthquake magni-tudes determined by China seismograph network and US seismograph network (II): Surface wave magnitude

Introduction Earthquake magnitude is the most common measure of an earthquake′s size,and is one of the basic parameters of an earthquake.There are three most familiar scales of earthquake magnitude:ML(local earthquake magnitude),MS(surface wave magnitude)and mB/mb(body wave magni-tude).Richter(1935)introduced ML when studying earthquakes in Southern California.In1945,Gutenberg(1945a)put forward surface wave magnitude scale to determine earthquake magnitude(MS)using surface waves(20s)of s…     

ESR Dating of the Evolution of the Shuanghu Basin in the Northern Tibetan Plateau

The Shuanghu basin is a NE-trending rift basin bounded by NE-striking normal faults and NW-striking shear-extensional faults of the northern Tibetan Plateau. Four samples from calcite veins in marginal faults and one sample from mudstone (S-3) were collected for dating the evolution of the Shuanghu basin by using the ESR spectrograph of EXM-type. Ages were calculated according to the close-equilibrium model on the basis of the measured ESR signal spectra of samples, providing good chronological information. It is known from the ESR dating that the extensional faulting and rifting of the Shuanghu area began at 4.92 Ma B.P., followed by regional folding in 3.56-1.36 Ma, NW-striking faulting in 0.60 Ma and normal faulting in 0.024 Ma in the Shuanghu basin.     

The Study of Kuiper Belt Objects With ESO and ISO

Amajor objective of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) is the determination of the sized and albedoes of several objects in the "Kuiper disc".The method by which this will be achieved is described.It is shown that the unknown shapes and surface thermal properties proviede additional complications to the interpretation of ISO data.The requirement for ground-based measurements of the visual light curves of these objects is demonstrated and the implications of the results of the ISO observ Vations is discussed.     

Rapid afterslip and short-term viscoelastic relaxation following the 2008 M_W7.9 Wenchuan earthquake

Significant postseismic deformation of the 2008 M W 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake has been observed from GPS data of the first 14 days after the earthquake. The possible mechanisms for the rapid postseismic deformation are assumed to be afterslip on the earthquake rupture plane and viscoelastic relaxation of coseismiclly stress change in the lower crust or upper mantle. We firstly use the constrained least squares method to find an afterslip model which can fit the GPS data best. The afterslip model can explain n...     

Geochemical Characteristics of a Veinlet Kupferschiefer Profile from the Lubin Mine, Southwestern Poland

Previous studies have shown that the ascending, oxidizing brines play a very important role in Kupferschiefer mineralization. Fractures could be the pathway of the brines. In order to clarify the influences of the brines on bulk organic matter, aromatic hydrocarbons and Kupferschiefer mineralization, one veinlet Kupferschiefer profile from the Lubin mine, southwestern Poland was studied with the microscopic, geochemical and Rock-Eval methods. The microscopic results indicate that organic matter of the veinlet sample consists dominantly of bitumen. Its extract content is higher than in other samples. The dominant aromatic compounds are naphthalene and alkylated naphthalenes (Na-PAH), which have migrated into the veinlet sample from other sediments. The content of phenanthrene and its methylated derivatives (Ph-PAH) is much lower than in other samples. The reason may be due to their heavier mass than Na-PAH. It is more difficult for Ph-PAH to migrate. The Na-PAH was probably removed from the shale by dist     

SELECTION OF SUITABLE METHODS FOR TERRAIN MODELLING FOR RIVER ENGINEERING

LINTRODUCTIONTerrainmodellingisatermtodescribetheprocessofrepresentingthesurfaceoftheEarth.Mathemahcally,theproblemcanbedescribedas;Givenasetofn(3sn相似文献   

Eocene fauna of Messel Pit Fossil Site, Germany

The paper reports sunthetically the Cocene fauna of the Messel Pit Fossil site of Germany, in detail, including its rich taxanomic compositions, geological and paleogeographic backgroud, and the studying and applying history.     

Utilisation and Management Changes in South Kyrgyzstan''''s Mountain Forests

IntroductionThe mountain forests of South Kyrgyzstan have a long history of human influence. The political and socio-economic conditions prevailing in the region have changed dramatically several times over the last century and have played animportant role in forest policy, management and use. To highlight the human-environment relationship, I have chosen here to use a political ecology approach as conceptual framework (cf. Bryant & Bailey 1997, Bryant 1998, Blaikie 1999). In this approach,…     

极隙区纬度太阳活动高年背景电离层特征

本文利用 EISCAT-Svalbard 雷达1999年3月至2003年2月期间观测数据,对太阳活动高年前后极区电离层 F 区电子密度随高度和地方时的二维分布进行统计分析,研究极隙/极盖区背景电离层特征,并与 IRI-2001模式预测结果进行比较。分析结果表明,在 ESR 雷达所在纬度,不存在“冬季异常”现象;但首次发现,此处电离层冬季日变化存在磁午夜前主极大。另外,无论在什么季节,白天时段 ESR 雷达上空电子密度都在磁正午附近有一极大值。与 IRI 模式的比较表明,模式预测的 F 区电子密度与 ESR 实测结果存在较大偏差,在500km 高度以上的顶部电离层和冬季,差别尤其明显。简要讨论了软粒子沉降对造成电子密度日变化磁正午极大的作用和冬季磁午夜前主极大的形成机理。     

基于非差观测的网络实时动态定位方法及其在连续运行基准站跨网服务中的应用

基于非差观测的网络实时动态定位(RTK)方法通过提供每颗卫星的误差改正量,使网内用户获得与网络RTK方法等价的快速精密单点定位服务。当用户跨越连续运行基准站(CORS)网内由不同参考站组成的子网(参考子网)甚至跨越不同CORS网时,都能有效避免因所选取的主参考站变化而引起的模糊度重新初始化,从而保持观测时段内用户定位结果的连续可靠和跨CORS网服务时算法上的无缝衔接。通过对海上实测动态数据处理结果的分析,验证该方法的定位精度、初始化时间与现有网络RTK方法在量级上的一致性,以及跨不同参考子网和CORS网时实现无缝衔接的有效性。